Low-cost printed holography for the generation of structured light.

Recently, the study of structured light fields has attracted great interest, which includes their generation and characterization techniques, as well as their application. Most of these techniques rely on the use of expensive devices, such as liquid crystal spatial light modulators or digital micromirror devices that also require specialized knowledge and software. In this work, we present a scheme for producing low-cost amplitude holograms for the generation of structured light fields. We demonstrate the feasibility of this technique by creating a variety of paraxial modes, such as the well-known Laguerre-Gaussian and Hermite-Gaussian beams. We also demonstrate the potential of our technique in solving the phase retrieval problem to generate 2D and 3D holographic images of objects. Finally, we compare our proposal with the typical generation techniques using digital micromirror devices. Our proposal will pave the path for the generation of structured light beams in more affordable ways for the application in undergrad laboratories.

¿Conoce la semiología de la Cadera? / ¿Do you know the semiology of the hip?

La prevalencia de artrosis de cadera en personas mayores de 45 años es de 9.2% y 27% de ellos evidencian signos radiológicos de la enfermedad, siendo el dolor uno de los motivos de consulta más comunes de quienes acuden al médico general y al ortopedista. La historia clínica precisa y el examen físico adecuado pueden llevar al clínico a determinar el origen del dolor. Sin embargo, nuestra experiencia en la consulta es que la mayoría de los médicos generales no conocen cuáles son los síntomas de la patología de la cadera. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar una guía práctica de su evaluación clínica y la patología más común, que sea útil para el estudiante de medicina, el médico general y el especialista. El artículo se desarrollará en el orden en que se realiza la evaluación de la cadera para al final poder tener un diagnóstico claro.

The prevalence of osteoarthritis of the hip among people over 45 years of age is 9.2% and 27% of them show radiological signs of this joint disorder, with pain being one of the most common reasons for consultation of patients seen by general practitioners and orthopedic surgeons. An accurate clinical history and a proper physical examination can lead the clinician to determine the origin of the pain. However, our experience in office visits shows that most general practitioners are unaware of the symptoms of hip disorders. The purpose of this article is to present a practice guideline for clinical examination of the hip and the most common disorders, which is useful for the medical student, general practitioner and specialist. The article will outline the steps in which hip evaluation is performed to obtain a clear diagnosis in the end

Institutional arthroplasty registry: what is the minimum acceptable dataset to be included in your hospital? Recommendations from a single-country national consensus using the Delphi method.

PURPOSE: Institutional arthroplasty registries are very popular nowadays; however, very few efforts have been made in order to standardize the information to be collected, thus limiting the possibility of inter-institutional data interpretation. This manuscript reports the results of a single-country consensus designed to define the minimum standardized dataset to be recorded within an institutional arthroplasty registry. METHODS: A national consensus was carried out among all members of the Colombian Society of Hip and Knee Surgeons using the Delphi method. Eleven questions and answers comprising every potential domain of an institutional registry of hip and knee arthroplasty were defined. According to the methodology, anonymous voting and multiple discussion rounds were performed. Three levels of agreement were defined: Strong consensus: equal to or greater than 80%, weak consensus between 70 and 79.9%, and no consensus below 70%. RESULTS: All of the questions reached consensus level. The minimum dataset was defined to include demographic and clinical information, intraoperative and implant details, follow-up and early complications, implant survival, and functional outcome scores, as well as the validation model to assess information quality within the database. Currently, this dataset is being implemented voluntarily by the members of our national society. DISCUSSION: A national consensus is a feasible method to build homogeneous arthroplasty registries. We recommend such an exercise since it establishes the basis to compare and add data between institutions and the joint analysis of said information in a national registry.

Partial resection of the posterior wall for hip dislocation in severe acetabular protrusio: a useful surgical option.

AIMS: In elderly patients with osteoarthritis and protrusio who require arthroplasty, dislocation of the hip is difficult due to migration of the femoral head. Traditionally, neck osteotomy is performed in situ, so this is not always achieved. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to describe a partial resection of the posterior wall in severe protrusio. METHODS: This is a descriptive observational study, which describes the surgical technique of the partial resection of the posterior wall during hip arthroplasty in patients with severe acetabular protrusio operated on between January 2007 and February 2017. RESULTS: In all, 49 hip arthroplasties were performed. The average age of patients was 60 years, and idiopathic was the most frequent aetiology of protrusio. All patients were treated with femoral head autograft and no intra- or postoperative complications were reported. No patients required revision surgery. CONCLUSION: Partial resection of the posterior wall demonstrated to be a safe surgical technique with 100% survival in a follow-up to ten years in total hip arthroplasty due to severe acetabular protrusio.Cite this article: Bone Joint Open 2020;1-7:431-437.

Index of pediatric voice handicap: Translation, transculturalization and validation to Argentinian Spanish.

OBJECTIVE: Voice disorders are very common in the pediatric population, with 6% and 23% of all children presenting with some form of dysphonia [1,2]. For many years, these patients have been underdiagnosed. There has been increasing awareness and interest in the study of voice alterations in children, and, most importantly, their impact in their quality of life. To do this, an instrument capable of measuring the quality of life in pediatric patients with vocal pathology is required, which can be used extensively in the scientific community. The objective of our study is to carry out the translation, transculturalization and validation of pVHI (Pediatric Voice Handicap Index) to Argentinian Spanish-speakers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A study was carried out in the Hospital de Pediatria Dr. JP Garrahan in the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina. It included patients between 3 and 18 years old. The pVHI was translated and transculturalized for said population and for its validation, a survey was carried out in two groups of patients: one group being children with a background of both reconstructive larynx surgery, and dysphonia (n = 35) and the other group being control patients, without any voice pathology (n = 35). The survey was conducted among either parents or caregivers of the children in question. RESULTS: A significant difference was found between both groups, for both overall pVHI score and survey subgroups score (p < 0.001) with an optimal internal confidence and a good Alpha Cronbach for each of the subgroups (functional 0,92; organic 0,87 and emotional 0,88). Test-retest for reliability revealed "p-values" without any significant difference (p > 0.05) for each of all subgroups (functional 0,68; organic 0,32 and emotional 0,72). CONCLUSION: The validation and transculturalization of the rate of pediatric vocal impairment to Argentinian Spanish population presented an adequate validity and reliability. The rate of pediatric vocal impairment was identified through this simple and practical survey, offering additional information on the child's own vocal perception by part of the caregiver. We recommend this survey being included as a valuable tool in the evaluation of pediatric dysphonia in Spanish-speaking families.

Closure of stage 2 macular hole with a low-dose intravitreal injection of perfluoropropane.

BACKGROUND: Idiopathic macular holes (IMH) are common and affect central vision. We demonstrate the effectiveness of 0.2 ml intravitreal perfluoropropane (C3F8) in Stage-2 IMH. CASE: A 61-year-old woman presented with blurred vision OD. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 20/125 OD and 20/20 OS. Biomicroscopy of OD evidenced a Stage-2 IMH. Intravitreal C3F8 was injected and postural measures prescribed. Optical coherence tomography 1 week after revealed posterior vitreous detachment and vitreomacular traction resolution. Full anatomical and functional recovery was achieved at week 4 and remained stable during a 6-month follow-up (BCVA 20/20 OD). CONCLUSION: Intravitreal C3F8 as initial therapy for Stage 2 IMH represents a good alternative to vitrectomy for patients with IMH.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Los agujeros maculares idiopáticos (AMI) son comunes y afectan la visión central. Demostramos la efectividad de 0.2 ml de perfluoropropano (C3F8) intravítreo en AMI en estadio 2. CASO: Una mujer de 61 años presentó con visión borrosa súbita OD. Mejor agudeza visual corregida (MAVC) 20/125 OD y 20/20 en el OS. La biomicroscopía del OD evidenció un AMI en estadio 2. Se inyectó C3F8 intravítreo y se prescribieron medidas posturales. Una semana después, la tomografía de coherencia óptica reveló desprendimiento de vítreo posterior. La resolución de tracción vitreomacular con recuperación anatómica y funcional completa se logró a la semana 4 y se mantuvo estable durante un seguimiento de 6 meses (MAVC 20/20 OD). CONCLUSIÓN: El C3F8 intravítreo como terapia inicial para AMI en estadio 2 representa una buena alternativa a la vitrectomía vía pars plana en pacientes con AMI.

Anillos vasculares: Serie de 28 pacientes atendidos en un Servicio de Endoscopía Respiratoria Pediátrica / Vascular rings: Series of 28 patients of a Pediatrie Respiratory Endoscopy Department

Los anillos vasculares tienen una incidencia del 1 % entre las enfermedades cardiovasculares congénitas. Constituyen una malformación embriológica en la que el arco aórtico, sus ramas o las arterias pulmonares provocan presión sobre la tráquea y/o el esófago. Anatómicamente, se dividen en dos grupos, dependiendo de cómo rodean la tráquea y el esófago: completo o incompleto. La sintomatología suele iniciarse en los primeros meses de vida con estridor bifásico o espiratorio que aumenta con el llanto y la alimentación, tos traqueal de tonalidad metálica, infecciones respiratorias recurrentes, episodios de apnea refleja y cianosis, sibilancias, hiperextensión cervical, retracción esternal e intercostal, y dificultad en la alimentación. Se realizó un análisis retrospectivo de 28 pacientes con diagnóstico de anillo vascular que concurrieron a la consulta en el Servicio de Endoscopía Respiratoria del Hospital Garrahan entre enero de 2015 y septiembre de 2017.

Vascular rings account for 1 % of the congenital cardiovascular diseases. They constitute an embryological malformation in which the aortic arch, its branches, or the pulmonary arteries cause pressure on the trachea and/or oesophagus. Anatomically, they are divided into two groups -complete or incomplete- depending on how they surround the trachea and/or the oesophagus. Symptom onset is usually in the first months of life with biphasic or expiratory stridor that increases with crying and feeding, a metallic tracheal cough, recurrent respiratory infections, episodes of apnea and cyanosis, wheezing, cervical hyperextension, sternal and intercostal retraction, and feeding difficulties. A retrospective analysis of 28 patients with vascular rings seen at the Department of Respiratory Endoscopy at Garrahan Paediatric Hospital between January 2015 and September 2017 is presented.

[Vascular rings. Series of 28 patients of a Pediatrie Respiratory Endoscopy Department]. / Anillos vasculares. Serie de 28 pacientes atendidos en un Servicio de Endoscopía Respiratoria Pediátrica.

Vascular rings account for 1 % of the congenital cardiovascular diseases. They constitute an embryological malformation in which the aortic arch, its branches, or the pulmonary arteries cause pressure on the trachea and/or oesophagus. Anatomically, they are divided into two groups -complete or incomplete- depending on how they surround the trachea and/or the oesophagus. Symptom onset is usually in the first months of life with biphasic or expiratory stridor that increases with crying and feeding, a metallic tracheal cough, recurrent respiratory infections, episodes of apnea and cyanosis, wheezing, cervical hyperextension, sternal and intercostal retraction, and feeding difficulties. A retrospective analysis of 28 patients with vascular rings seen at the Department of Respiratory Endoscopy at Garrahan Paediatric Hospital between January 2015 and September 2017 is presented.

Los anillos vasculares tienen una incidencia del 1 % entre las enfermedades cardiovasculares congénitas. Constituyen una malformación embriológica en la que el arco aórtico, sus ramas o las arterias pulmonares provocan presión sobre la tráquea y/o el esófago. Anatómicamente, se dividen en dos grupos, dependiendo de cómo rodean la tráquea y el esófago: completo o incompleto. La sintomatología suele iniciarse en los primeros meses de vida con estridor bifásico o espiratorio que aumenta con el llanto y la alimentación, tos traqueal de tonalidad metálica, infecciones respiratorias recurrentes, episodios de apnea refleja y cianosis, sibilancias, hiperextensión cervical, retracción esternal e intercostal, y dificultad en la alimentación. Se realizó un análisis retrospectivo de 28 pacientes con diagnóstico de anillo vascular que concurrieron a la consulta en el Servicio de Endoscopía Respiratoria del Hospital Garrahan entre enero de 2015 y septiembre de 2017.

Long-term visual and anatomic outcomes after photodynamic therapy for symptomatic circumscribed choroidal hemangioma.

Circumscribed choroidal hemangiomas (CCHs) are relatively rare. We report the response of a symptomatic CCH to photodynamic therapy (PDT). A 70-year-old male presented with blurred vision of the left eye (OS). Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was 20/60 right eye and 20/160 OS. Biomicroscopy revealed bilateral cataracts. Diagnosis of CCH was made fundoscopically for OS and confirmed with optical coherence tomography (OCT). One session of PDT with individualized parameters was administered. After 2 months, anatomical improvement was evidenced with OCT and BCVA was 20/60. After cataract surgery, his BCVA was of 20/25 and remained stable. PDT showed excellent anatomic and visual results after a 2-year follow-up.

Los hemangiomas coroideos circunscritos son relativamente raros. Reportamos la respuesta de uno sintomático con terapia fotodinámica. Un hombre de 70 años presentó visión borrosa en el ojo izquierdo. La mejor agudeza visual corregida fue de 20/60 en el ojo derecho y de 20/160 en el izquierdo. La biomicroscopía demostró catarata en ambos ojos. En el ojo izquierdo se diagnosticó un hemangioma coroideo circunscrito confirmado con tomografía de coherencia óptica. Se administró una sesión de terapia fotodinámica con parámetros individualizados. Dos meses después se observó mejoría anatómica en la tomografía de coherencia óptica, y la mejor agudeza visual corregida fue de 20/60. Después de la cirugía de catarata, la mejor agudeza visual corregida fue de 20/25 y tuvo estabilidad. La terapia fotodinámica mostró excelentes resultados anatómicos y funcionales a los 2 años.

Parálisis bilateral de cuerdas vocales en pediatría: nuestra experiencia / Paediatric bilateral vocal cord paralysis: our experience

La parálisis bilateral de cuerdas vocales (PBCV) es la segunda causa más frecuente de estridor neonatal. Nuestro objetivo es describir la demografía, etiología, comorbilidades y tratamientos instaurados. Materiales y métodos: Revisión retrospectiva de las historias clínicas de pacientes con diagnóstico de PBCV de 2011 a 2015. Resultados: Se incluyeron 47 pacientes. La edad media de diagnóstico fue un mes de vida, con predominio de sexo masculino (63%). El 59% fue por causa congénita y el 41% adquirida, por lo general idiopática y postoperatoria, respectivamente. Se realizó traqueostomía (TQT) en 42 pacientes (89%), sin diferencias significativas en relación con la causa. La recuperación de la movilidad cordal fue del 39% en toda la muestra, 44% en la congénita, 31% en la adquirida y 62,5% en la idiopática. A 5 pacientes se les realizó laringotraqueoplastia con injerto costal posterior y a un paciente cordectomía posterior. Todos fueron decanulados. A un paciente se le realizó lateralización cordal, evitando la TQT. Conclusión: Las causas congénitas fueron las más frecuentes, en su mayoría idiopáticas. Se registró una leve predilección por el sexo masculino. Un alto porcentaje de pacientes requirieron de TQT. La tasa de recuperación de la movilidad es mayor en causas idiopáticas. Se decanularon todos los pacientes operados, pero se requieren trabajos con mayor número de participantes, comparación de técnicas y evaluación de la deglución y la fonación de forma objetiva

Bilateral vocal cord paralysis (BVCP) is the second most common cause of neonatal stridor. The aim of this study was to describe the demographic features, aetiology, comorbidities, and management of our patients with BVCP. Material and methods: We conducted a retrospective review of the clinical charts of all patients diagnosed with BVCP seen at the Department of Respiratory Endoscopy between 2011 and 2015. Results: 47 patients were included. Mean age at diagnosis was 1 month and male sex predominated (63%). The aetiology was congenital in 59% and acquired in 41% of the infants. The cause was most frequently idiopathic in the former group and secondary to postoperative injury in the latter. Overall, 42 patients (89%) required tracheostomy, without statistically significant differences between the causes. Of all the patients, 39% regained vocal-cord mobility; 44% of those with congenital BVCP, 31% of those with acquired BVCP and 62.5% with idiopathic BVCP. In five patients a laryngotracheoplasty was performed with a posterior costal cartilage graft and one underwent posterior cordectomy. All were decannulated. In one patient vocal-cord lateralization was performed, avoiding tracheostomy. Conclusion: BVCP was most commonly of congenital cause and was mainly idiopathic within this group of patients, with a slight male preponderance. A high percentage of patients required tracheostomy. A higher recovery rate of vocal-cord mobility was observed in idiopathic BVCP, which allowed for successful decannulation. In this series, decannulation was possible in all patients that underwent surgery; however, further studies with comparison of techniques and objective assessment of swallowing and phonation are necessary

Piomiositis tropical por escherichia coli en paciente con diabetes mellitus: caso atípico, aspectos clínicos y radiológicos / Tropical piomiositis by escherichia coli in patient with diabetes mellitus: atipic case, clinical and radiological aspects

Antecedentes: Piomiositis es la infección purulenta del músculo esquelético que ocurre por diseminación hematógena, con formación de abscesos, el agente etiológico principal es E. aureus (90%) seguido por Estreptococo beta hemolítico grupo A y bacilos entéricos gram negativos (Ej. E. coli). Es frecuente en pacientes inmunocomprometidos por malignidades hematológicas, relacionadas o no con quimioterapia previa y SIDA. Caso clínico: Masculino de 52 años hospitalizado en el Instituto Hondureño de Seguridad Social, Tegucigalpa, Honduras, síntoma principal dolor opresivo en pelvis de 3 semanas de evolución, con irradiación a cara anterior de muslo derecho, con cambios inlamatorios a este nivel, una semana después dolor y cambios inlamatorios en pierna izquierda. Discusión: En comparación con las personas sanas, los pacientes con condiciones médicas subyacentes tienen mayores tasas de infección por bacterias gram negativas, enfermedad multifocal y mayor mortalidad. El estado de inmunosupresión es un factor predisponente importante en la patogénesis...(AU)

Paediatric bilateral vocal cord paralysis: our experience. / Parálisis bilateral de cuerdas vocales en pediatría: nuestra experiencia.

Bilateral vocal cord paralysis (BVCP) is the second most common cause of neonatal stridor. The aim of this study was to describe the demographic features, aetiology, comorbidities, and management of our patients with BVCP. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of the clinical charts of all patients diagnosed with BVCP seen at the Department of Respiratory Endoscopy between 2011 and 2015. RESULTS: 47 patients were included. Mean age at diagnosis was 1 month and male sex predominated (63%). The aetiology was congenital in 59% and acquired in 41% of the infants. The cause was most frequently idiopathic in the former group and secondary to postoperative injury in the latter. Overall, 42 patients (89%) required tracheostomy, without statistically significant differences between the causes. Of all the patients, 39% regained vocal-cord mobility; 44% of those with congenital BVCP, 31% of those with acquired BVCP and 62.5% with idiopathic BVCP. In five patients a laryngotracheoplasty was performed with a posterior costal cartilage graft and one underwent posterior cordectomy. All were decannulated. In one patient vocal-cord lateralization was performed, avoiding tracheostomy. CONCLUSION: BVCP was most commonly of congenital cause and was mainly idiopathic within this group of patients, with a slight male preponderance. A high percentage of patients required tracheostomy. A higher recovery rate of vocal-cord mobility was observed in idiopathic BVCP, which allowed for successful decannulation. In this series, decannulation was possible in all patients that underwent surgery; however, further studies with comparison of techniques and objective assessment of swallowing and phonation are necessary.

Characterization of Low Back Pain in Pilots and Maintenance Technicians on a Commercial Airline.

INTRODUCTION: Lower back pain (LBP) is the most common complaint worldwide and the leading cause of disability in the workplace. In Colombia there are no epidemiological data on low back pain in aviation. This study aimed to characterize lower back pain in pilots and maintenance technicians in a Colombian commercial airline. METHODS: Information was collected from the total population in a Colombian commercial airline in Bogota during the period from 2011 to 2013 using a voluntary survey which requested demographics, occupational (LEST survey) factors, back pain, and chronic pain (chronic pain grade scale). RESULTS: The prevalence rate of LBP in pilot respondents was 71% and the factors associated previously have belonged to the military forces: occupational exposure to physical load and work time. Chronic low back pain was at a prevalence of 49%. The prevalence of LBP in maintenance technicians was 65%. Associated factors were again similar to military forces and included mental workload. Chronic pain had a prevalence of 65%. Factors associated with chronic low back pain were the technicians' time in office and physical load. DISCUSSION: The prevalence of lower back pain in pilots is similar to that presented in the airline world population. In the case of maintenance technicians, the prevalence was higher than those found in other similar groups, but very similar to prevalences presented in different business industries, including the transport sector. Fajardo Rodriguez HA, Ortiz Mayorga VA. Characterization of low back pain in pilots and maintenance technicians on a commercial airline. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2016; 87(9):795-799.

Traslado aéreo civil de pacientes / Patients being transported by civil airline companies

Objetivo Las operaciones aéreas iniciaron en Colombia en 1919 pero no hay conocimiento sobre el traslado aéreo de pacientes en el país. El estudio fue realizado con empresas en Bogotá que realizaron traslados aéreos de pacientes durante los años 2005 a 2007. El objetivo es mejorar el conocimiento sobre las operaciones de traslado aéreo de pacientes en Colombia. Método Estudio descriptivo de los traslados aéreos de pacientes realizados por tres empresas durante los tres años seleccionados. La escala de valoración del riesgo para el transporte de pacientes fue usada en cada uno de los registros. Resultados Solo tres empresas autorizaron el acceso a los registros médicos, encontrando 98 en total, 24 en 2005, 28 en 2006, y 46 en 2007, pero solo se realizaron 96 traslados, debido a que dos fueron cancelados por malas condiciones médicas del paciente. Todos fueron traslados secundarios (entre hospitales) realizados en ala fija, es decir en avión, 61 % hombres, 38 % mujeres, 51 % adultos y 49 % fueron menores de 18 años (57 % neonatos). De acuerdo con la escala 27 % de los pacientes estaban inestables, 48 % moderadamente inestables y 25 % estables. El 90 % de los traslados fueron realizados por personal médico, 14 casos tuvieron complicaciones durante el vuelo pero la mortalidad fue solo del 4 %. Conclusiones El traslado aéreo de pacientes requiere una valoración y un registro completos de todas las variables relacionadas con el traslado y de personal entrenado en la atención de pacientes críticos de todas las edades.

Objective Colombian aviation operations began in 1919; however, no knowledge is currently available concerning medical air transport in the country. This study involved local companies in Bogota which provided air medical transfer for patients from 2005 to 2007; it was aimed at improving knowledge regarding air transport for patients in Colombia. Method This was a descriptive study of patient air transfer by three companies during the aforementioned three-year period. The Risk Score for Transport Patients' (RSTP) scale was used in each report. Results Only three companies authorized access to their medical reports; 98 reports were found, 24 in 2005, 28 in 2006 and 46 in 2007 but only 96 patients were transferred because two flights were cancelled because of the patients' poor medical condition. All the records dealt with secondary air transfer (between facilities) in fixed-wing aircraft. 61 % of the patients so transferred were male and 38 % female; 51 % were adults and 49 % were less than 18 years old (57 % of the latter being newborn). According to the RSTP scale, 27 % of the patients were unstable, 48 % moderately unstable and 25 % were stable. 90 % of the transfers were accompanied by medical staff, 14 cases had complications during their flights but mortality was just 4 %. Conclusion Patients' air transfer requires complete assessment and a complete record of all the variables related to transporting patients by air and personnel trained in dealing with critically-ill patients of all ages.

[Patients being transported by civil airline companies]. / Traslado aéreo civil de pacientes.

OBJECTIVE: Colombian aviation operations began in 1919; however, no knowledge is currently available concerning medical air transport in the country. This study involved local companies in Bogota which provided air medical transfer for patients from 2005 to 2007; it was aimed at improving knowledge regarding air transport for patients in Colombia. METHOD: This was a descriptive study of patient air transfer by three companies during the aforementioned three-year period. The Risk Score for Transport Patients' (RSTP) scale was used in each report. RESULTS: Only three companies authorized access to their medical reports; 98 reports were found, 24 in 2005, 28 in 2006 and 46 in 2007 but only 96 patients were transferred because two flights were cancelled because of the patients' poor medical condition. All the records dealt with secondary air transfer (between facilities) in fixed-wing aircraft. 61 % of the patients so transferred were male and 38 % female; 51 % were adults and 49 % were less than 18 years old (57 % of the latter being newborn). According to the RSTP scale, 27 % of the patients were unstable, 48 % moderately unstable and 25 % were stable. 90 % of the transfers were accompanied by medical staff, 14 cases had complications during their flights but mortality was just 4 %. CONCLUSION: Patients' air transfer requires complete assessment and a complete record of all the variables related to transporting patients by air and personnel trained in dealing with critically-ill patients of all ages.

[Cardiovascular risk factor prevalence in civil aviation pilots in Colombia during 2005]. / Prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular en pilotos de aviación civil en Colombia en el año 2005.

OBJECTIVE: The human-flying machine interface relies heavily on flight safety. Coronary disease is the most commonly occurring sudden incapacitation during flight and involves factors described as leading to cardiovascular risk. Pilots probably have risk prevalence different to the rest of the population. METHOD: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. Medical histories from January to December 2005 for pilots certified by the Colombian Civil Aeronautic society were reviewed; these were randomly selected until 614 histories were obtained. A 95 % confidence level and 0.5 % accuracy level were used. Data was obtained regarding age, blood pressure, tobacco use, cholesterol, glycaemia, physical fitness, past history, gender, height, flying time and type of licence. STATG 6 software was used for analysing the data and the results were expressed as descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Percentage risk factor prevalence in pilots was as follows: 7.8 % suffered hypertension, 1.3 % diabetes, 36 % hypercholesterolemia, 36 % hypertriglyceridaemia, 36 % had low HDL, 32 % high LDL, 12.8 % tobacco use, 7 % were obese and 6 % suffered from metabolic syndrome. There were differences between pilots holding first and second class licences, more prevalent risks occurring amongst second class pilots. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of risk factors differs between pilots and the general population. According to the Framingham scale, 8 % of the pilots were in the high risk group so they require specific programmes and strict follow-up for modifying the risk profile and improving flight safety.

Prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular en pilotos de aviación civil en Colombia en el año 2005 / Cardiovascular risk factor prevalence in civil aviation pilots in Colombia during 2005

Objetivo La seguridad aérea depende de la interfase hombre-avión. La enfermedad coronaria es la causa más frecuente de incapacitación súbita en vuelo y como factores se encuentran los descritos como riesgo cardiovascular. Los pilotos probablemente tienen una prevalencia diferente a la población general. Metodología Estudio descriptivo transversal. Se revisaron los registros médicos de los pilotos certificados por la Aeronáutica Civil de Colombia, entre enero y diciembre de 2005, seleccionándolos aleatoriamente hasta completar 614 historias clínicas, según muestras tomadas con un nivel de confianza del 95 por ciento y una precisión del 0.5 por ciento. Se extrajeron los siguientes datos: Edad, presión arterial, tabaquismo, colesterol, glicemia, ejercicio, antecedentes, sexo, talla, horas de vuelo, tipo de licencia. Los datos fueron analizados mediante STATG 6 y los resultados se expresaron según la estadística descriptiva. Resultados La prevalencia de factores de riesgo en pilotos fue: HTA 7,8 por ciento, Diabetes 1,3 por ciento, Hipercolesterolemia 36 por ciento, Hipertrigliceridemia 36 por ciento, HDL Bajo 36 por ciento, LDL Alto 32 por ciento, Tabaquismo 12.8 por ciento, Obesidad 7 por ciento y Síndrome Metabólico en el 6 por ciento. Hubo diferencia entre pilotos de primera y segunda clase, siendo los factores de riesgo más frecuentes en la segunda categoría. Conclusiones La prevalencia de factores de riesgo difiere entre pilotos y la población general, se identifican como de alto riesgo según la escala de Framingham al 8 por ciento de pilotos, los cuales requieren de programas específicos y seguimiento estrecho para modificar el perfil de riesgo y mejorar la seguridad aérea.

Objective The human-flying machine interface relies heavily on flight safety. Coronary disease is the most commonly occurring sudden incapacitation during flight and involves factors described as leading to cardiovascular risk. Pilots probably have risk prevalence different to the rest of the population. Method This was a descriptive cross-sectional study. Medical histories from January to December 2005 for pilots certified by the Colombian Civil Aeronautic society were reviewed; these were randomly selected until 614 histories were obtained. A 95 percent confidence level and 0.5 percent accuracy level were used. Data was obtained regarding age, blood pressure, tobacco use, cholesterol, glycaemia, physical fitness, past history, gender, height, flying time and type of licence. STATG 6 software was used for analysing the data and the results were expressed as descriptive statistics. Results Percentage risk factor prevalence in pilots was as follows: 7.8 percent suffered hypertension, 1.3 percent diabetes, 36 percent hypercholesterolemia, 36 percent hypertrigliceridaemia, 36 percent had low HDL, 32 percent high LDL, 12.8 percent tobacco use, 7 percent were obese and 6 percent suffered from metabolic syndrome. There were differences between pilots holding first and second class licences, more prevalent risks occurring amongst second class pilots. Conclusion The prevalence of risk factors differs between pilots and the general population. According to the Framingham scale, 8 percent of the pilots were in the high risk group so they require specific programmes and strict follow-up for modifying the risk profile and improving flight safety.

[Prediction scales and infection on surgical sites in 15625 surgeries. 2001-2003]. / Escalas de predicción e infección de sitio quirúrgico en 15625 cirugías. 2001-2003.

OBJECTIVE: Surgical infection is an important cause of morbidity and mortality; it accounts for 25% of nosocomial infections. Through a program of intensified monitoring and telephone follow-up we sought to detect infections in the surgical site in ambulatory surgeries. METHODS: A prospective cohort of patients who underwent surgery at the Carlos Lleras Hospital in Bogotá, belonging to the Social Security Institute, between August 2001 and February 2003 was studied. Inclusion criteria were: hospital or ambulatory surgery, completion of the survey of risk prediction and telephone follow-up. The CDC criteria for nosocomial infections were applied. RESULTS: 15625 patients were studied, being mainly of general surgery and ophtalmology. In the method of prediction SENIC, the variable abdominal surgery was the most frequent one and had the greatest sensitivity, whereas in the NNIS the best predicting variable was prolonged surgery. 69 patients with infection of surgical were detected yielding a 0.43 incidence of infection per 100 patients; surgery is the second cause of nosocomial infection in our institution accounting for 19.2% of cases. Bacterial isolation of germs was obtained in 47 cases; the most frequently identified bacteria was E. coil (14.9%). CONCLUSION: The program has had beneficial effects for its users identifying the risk and the early presence of post-surgical, diminishing it in a 25%.

Escalas de predicción e infección de sitio quirúrgico en 15 625 cirugías 2001-2003 / Prediction scales and infection on surgical sites in 15 625 surgeries. 2001-2003

OBJETIVO: La infección quirúrgica es una causa importante de morbimortalidad, constituye el 25 por ciento del total de infecciones nosocomiales. A través de un programa de vigilancia intensificada y seguimiento telefónico nos propusimos detectar la infección de sitio quirúrgico en cirugías ambulatorias. MÉTODOS: Se tomaron los pacientes en cohorte prospectiva que se intervinieron quirúrgicamente en la Clínica Carlos Lleras de Bogotá, adscrita a los Seguros Sociales, entre agosto de 2001 y febrero de 2003, los cuales tenían los siguientes criterios de inclusión: cirugía hospitalaria o ambulatoria, formato de predicción de riesgos completo y seguimiento telefónico. Se aplicaron los criterios de infección del CDC. RESULTADOS: En total fueron 15 625 pacientes, siendo principalmente de cirugía general y oftalmología. En el método de predicción SENIC, la variable cirugía abdominal fue la más frecuente y de mayor sensibilidad, mientras que en el NNIS, el mejor predictor fue cirugía prolongada. Se detectaron 69 pacientes con infección de sitio quirúrgico, para una incidencia de 0.43 infectados por cada 100 pacientes intervenidos; es la segunda causa de infección nosocomial en nuestra institución con el 19,2 por ciento. El aislamiento de gérmenes se logró en 47 casos, siendo el más frecuente E. coli (14,9 por ciento). CONCLUSION: El programa ha surtido benéficos efectos a sus usuarios identificando los factores de riesgo y la presencia temprana de infección posquirúrgica, disminuyéndola en un 25 por ciento.